IAS 2012 AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS I IAS 2012 MAINS SYLLABUS I IAS 2012 AGRICULTURE COMPLETE SYLLABUS I DOWNLOAD IAS AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS I IAS 2012 SYLLABUS I UPSC 2012 AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS

AGRICULTURE
PAPER - I

• Ecology  and  its  relevance  to man,  natural  resources, their  sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agro ecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Climate change – International conventions and global initiatives. Green house effect and global warming. Advance tools for ecosystem analysis – Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

• Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of nonyielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns.Concepts of various cropping and farming systems. Organic and Precision farming.Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds,fibres,sugar, commercial and fodder crops.

• Important features and  scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests. Propagation of forest plants.Forest products. Agro forestry and value addition. Conservation of forest flora and fauna.

• Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds.

• Soil- physical, chemical and biological properties.Processes and factors of soil formation. Soils of India.Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity.Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommendations, integrated nutrient management. Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in  soils.  Efficient  phosphorus  and  potassium  use.Problem  soils  and  their reclamation. Soil factors affecting greenhouse gas emission.

• Soil  conservation,integrated watershed management.Soil  erosion  and  its management. Dry land agriculture and its problems.Technology for stabilizing agriculture production in rain fed areas. 

• Water-use  efficiency  in  relation  to  crop  production,criteria  for  scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting.Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.

• Farm management,  scope, importance  and  characteristics,farm  planning. Optimum resource use and budgeting.Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing management – strategies  for  development, market intelligence.Price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance.  

• Agricultural extension,its importance and role,methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers. Training programmes for extension workers.Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies. Non Government Organization (NGO) and self- help group approach for rural development.  

PAPER-II

• Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure and function of genetic material. Laws of heredity.Chromosome structure,chromosomal aberrations,linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids  and  aneuploids. Mutations  -  and  their  role  in  crop  improvement.Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex limited characters.

• History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques.Origin, evolution and domestication of crop  plants, center of origin,law of homologous  series,  crop  genetic  resources-  conservation  and  utilization.Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree,mass and recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis  and its exploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement. Genetically modified crop plants.

• Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, seed testing and storage. DNA finger printing and seed registration.  Role of public and private sectors in seed production and marketing. Intellectual Property  Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.

• Principles of Plant Physiology with  reference  to  plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil - water- plant relationship.

• Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis-modern concepts and factors affecting  the  process,aerobic  &  anaerobic  respiration;C3,C4  & CAM mechanisms.Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Growth and development; photo periodism and vernalilzation. Plant growth substances and their role in crop production.Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.Stress physiology – draught, salt and water stress.

• Major fruits,plantation crops,vegetables,spices and flower crops.Package practices  of major  horticultural  crops.  Protected  cultivation  and  high  tech horticulture. Post harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables.Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants.Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. 

• Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their economic importance.Classification of pests & diseases and their management. Integrated pest and disease management.Storage pests and their management.  Biological control of pests and diseases.  Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their formulation and modes of action.

• Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population – vision 2020. Reasons for grain surplus.National & international food policies.Production, procurement, distribution constraints.Availability offood grains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS),policy implementation in context to globalization.Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food based dietary  approaches to eliminate hunger. Nutrient deficiency– Micro nutrient deficiency  : Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. Food grain productivity and food security.
  

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